International dissemination tour of The Enduring War during the Global War

Executive summary: The Enduring War is a major military doctrine published by Mao during the period of total resistance. The Communist Party of China has actively promoted the international dissemination of The Enduring War, out of a variety of considerations, including propagating the Party ' s counter-war strategy, responding to the doubts of the international community, seeking international support and promoting the establishment of a world united front against fascism. During the period of full-scale resistance, The Enduring War was translated into English, Japanese and Russian and widely disseminated extraterritorially through party propaganda bodies, international friends and the international media. The international dissemination of The Enduring War has had an important impact on increasing the international recognition of the text, broadening the international influence of Mao Zedong's ideas, shaping a good anti-war image of the Chinese Communist Party and establishing and consolidating an international united front against the Day. Keywords: Comprehensive War/ Mao Zedong/ The Enduring War/International Communication/

Introduction by the author: Rhojiang, male, professor and doctoral mentor at the Marxist Institute of Nakayama University; Hushan, female, postgraduate doctorate at Marxist Institute of Nakayama University. Original source: Mao Zedong Research (Jongsha) No. 5 2025 pp. 79-89

Heading Note: NSF's major project, “Continuing and applying the Mao Zedong Thinking Live Soul Research” (Project No. 23&ZD020). The Episode of Enduring War, which sets out the overall policy of the Party's strategy to combat the Japanese war, is the programmatic document of the Communist Party of China leading the fight against the Japanese war. On 1 July 1938, the article was published in the Chinese Communist Party's Central Organ Journal, Emancipation, issue 43, 44th, under the title “On the Enduring War — on why the war against Japan was a lasting war and the final victory why it was China and how it was conducted and how it was won”. After the publication of The Enduring War in the country, the country was blown up and then widely disseminated at the international level, with important implications. There has been some study of the translation and dissemination of some of the languages of The Enduring Wars during the period of total resistance,1 but there is a lack of systematization. A systematic study of the historical background of the international dissemination of The Enduring War during this period, its translation into foreign languages, its means of dissemination and its effects is proposed, with a view to furthering the study of the issue by the academic community. I. CONTEXT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT OF THE UNIVERSAL WAR

During the period of total resistance, the Nationalist Party used the advantage of the press system to impose a severe press embargo on the Communist Party of China (CPC), resulting in little knowledge of the Communist Party of China (CPC) among the countries of the world. In order to promote the Party ' s policy of resistance, to show the truth about the war, to gain international support and to promote the establishment of a world anti-fascist united front, the Communist Party of China has been active in extraterritorial dissemination of " The Enduring War " . (i) Breaking the NCP information blockade and promoting the Chinese Communist Party ' s resistance strategy

During the period of total resistance, the National Party imposed a cultural “vailer” on the Communist Party of China, and successively promulgated a series of regulations, regulations, such as the Revised Press Inspection Standard, the Revised Standards for the Review of Books and Magazines during the War, and the Methods of Wartime Press Inspection, as well as strict censorship and control of newspapers and magazines in the country that promote Communist and communistism. Even news reports from foreign journalists on China are subject to strict scrutiny before they can be published. “The Chinese are particularly sensitive to American journalism. The press inspectors put some of these messages on hold and waited for Chiang Kai-shek to read the translations himself.” 2 The Chinese Communist Party “almost forgotten by the outside world” due to the Nationalist Party's press blockade and cultural “fence”. In order to break the NCP press blockade, the Chinese Communist Party must give high priority to the international propaganda of its resistance routes, guidelines and policies. In January 1938, Zhou Enlai, in his article entitled “How to sustain the fighting?” proposed “to expand international advocacy and obtain the spiritual, material and even technical assistance of the working class and all peace-loving peoples of the world”. In March of the same year, Chen Shao Xuan proposed, in the summary of the March meeting of the Political Bureau — the current situation of resistance and how to continue fighting and fight for victory — “to go to the countries of Europe, the United States and the East to spread the details of the atrocities of the enemy in China and the heroic resistance of my country”. In May of the same year, Mao Zedong, in his speech at the Yyanyan War Resistance Society on the theme of “The Enduring War”, also stated that international awareness-raising efforts should be intensified, particularly during the counter-offensive phase, and that, in addition to relying primarily on national efforts, China's international advocacy and diplomatic work had been “strengthened”. The translation and publication of The Enduring War is an important part of breaking the NCP press blockade, helping to clarify to the world the full course of the Chinese Communist Party ' s resistance and the overall strategic direction of the protracted war. (ii) Showing the truth about the resistance of the Communist Party of China and responding to the concerns and doubts of the international community

After the war against Japan, the countries of the world followed closely the development of the situation in China. In July 1936, in an interview with Mao Zedong, American journalist Edgar Snow asked the question: “What conditions can China overcome and eliminate the power of Japanese imperialism?” “How long will this war last?” “How politically and militarily do you think the future of this war will develop?” In October 1937, British journalist Bertrand, speaking with Mao Zedong, stated: “Please inform me of the situation of the Eight Roads Army, which is of concern to many, such as in strategic tactics, in political work, etc.” In February 838, the press reporter Wang Da, speaking with Mao Zedong, also stated that “many people now express pessimism about the future of China's resistance.” In July of the same year, when IUCU delegations came to Yanan, they also asked Mao, “What is the role of the Communist Party in China at present?” “Is there any condition in China to shorten the duration of this protracted war?” The issues raised by these foreign journalists and international groups reflect the international community's concern about the future of China's resistance to war and the role of the Chinese Communist Party. Moreover, the press blockade and false propaganda by the Nationalist Party Government have prevented the international community from gaining a true picture of the Communist Party in the war against Japan, which has led to a series of prejudices and misunderstandings. As Mao said in his preamble for the English translation of The Enduring War, “if my book gives such people an opportunity to understand the truth, it is certainly my hope. As for the majority of those who sympathize with China's resistance, there may still be a few others who do not understand the truth about China's resistance to war, even though there is suffering in the case of sympathy to the war, and the anguish of such sympathy, especially as we should explain it (11). The issue of the nature, future, characteristics and development patterns of the Chinese people ' s struggle against the Japanese war is set out in The Enduring War and responds to the concerns and doubts of the international community. (iii) Sensitization of the international community for international support and assistance

With the change in the Lu Jiu Bridge, the internal class conflict has given way to the Chinese-Japanese conflict. The main task of the Communist Party of China is to fight against the Japanese aggressors with all the available power, both inside and outside the Party. In July 1937, Mao Zedong, in his article entitled “Policies, approaches and futures in opposing Japan's offensive”, proposed “to seek the sympathy of the United Kingdom, the United States and France for our Day of Resistance and to seek their assistance without losing their territorial sovereignty. The victory over Japan depends primarily on its own strength; however, foreign aid is indispensable and isolation policies are in the interest of the enemy (12). In March 1938, Mao Zedong, in his farewell message to his classmates in Shubai, presented the famous anti-winner formula, “China’s unity + world aid + Japan’s domestic difficulties = China’s victory” (13), highlighting the importance of international assistance to China’s fight against victory. However, the international community has not provided much substantial assistance to China because of the vagueness of the world ' s perception of China ' s resistance and the peaceful policies of other countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, towards Japan. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the international situation and the pattern of the war against oppression, Mao is pleased with the success of international assistance, which states: “On the one hand, international assistance, while not yet visible, is far from being substantial and direct, but the international situation is fundamentally the same as in the past, and substantial and direct aid is being prepared.” (14) The use of various methods to publicize China ' s resistance is a prerequisite for seeking foreign assistance. The translation of The Enduring War into English was intended to “enable some sympathy among the English-speaking countries” (15) and thus to enlist the support and assistance of the international community in China's fight against war, in terms of money, technology and weapons. (iv) To clarify the fate of all parties and to promote the establishment of a world united front against fascism

The promotion of a world united front against fascism is an important part of the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to mobilize international support. In Mao's view, Japanese imperialism “is not only an enemy of the Chinese people, but also of all peace-loving peoples of the world” (16). The success or failure of the Chinese people in their struggle against the Japanese war is not only a matter of the future of their country, but also a profound influence on the course of the world's anti-fascist war. As the situation of war expands, the conflict between the fascist and other countries becomes more acute. In this context, the Communist Party of China has actively advocated the establishment of a world anti-fascist united front against the fascist axis, including Japan. In March 1937, Mao Zedong stated in a conversation with Stampley that “we advocate the establishment of a joint Pacific front between China, the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Sue, or the risk of being broken by each enemy” (17). In February 1938, Mao Zedong stated in his speech at the Yanan Anti-Aggression Conference that “there are now three unified fronts against aggression: China's united front, the world united front and Japan's united front”, and that “the objectives of the three unified fronts are the same: a unified war against Japanese imperialism” (18). However, the idea of isolated wars still exists in Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America, in an attempt to isolate themselves from the sea and even adopt a policy of subordination towards the fascist countries. In The Enduring War, Mao gave a comprehensive account of the evolution of the world's anti-fascist war, referring to German, Japanese, and fascists as the “Sun Goku” and proposing “diplomatic creation of a Pacific anti-Japanese front” and “formation of a network that would allow the fascist Sun to escape nowhere” (19), the only way to completely defeat Japanese imperialism. An important purpose in promoting the international dissemination of The Enduring War is therefore to promote the establishment of a united anti-fascist front throughout the world. II. Multilingual translation and dissemination of The Enduring War

In order to widen the impact of The Enduring War and to give the international community a better understanding of the Chinese Revolution and China ' s resistance to it, the Communist Party of China has translated the book into many languages for dissemination around the world, the most important of which are English, Japanese and Russian translations. (i) English translation of The Enduring War

After the official publication of The Enduring War in July 1938, the party centre requested that it be translated into English and disseminated abroad as soon as possible. He was translated into English by a member of the outreach team of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in Wuhan's 8th Street Army Office. Since then, the then U.S.-based journalist and member of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Yang Xing, has been commissioned by the Party for a secret translation of The Enduring War, with the assistance of the U.S. and American writers. Four issues were published in the English magazine Candid Comment, from 1 November 1938 to 9 February 1939, under the title “Prolonged War”. According to the editor of the Review, “No other book published in China in the last 10 years has attracted more attention than this book. ... every knowledgeable man in China knows the book (20). The English translation was also printed in Shanghai in a single book, which was distributed through underground parties or distributed in secret to foreigners in Shanghai. Mao Zedong intentionally made a preface (21) entitled “Relationship between the Resistance and Foreign Aid” for the English translation, which was later translated into English by Kimmy. In October 1938, the bilingual Chinese-English-language newspaper, Revue Monograph No. 41, edited by students of the Shanghai Revolution, also published The Enduring War (22), under the title “How China Can Win”. In addition, Zhou Enlai sent The Enduring War from Wuhan to Hong Kong, where it was translated into English by Epstein and others under the umbrella of the 8th Road Army office in Hong Kong (23). After the translation was completed, it was published and distributed in Hong Kong (24), from Hong Kong or Manila, through groups such as the “Defence of China Alliance” and the New Cultural Bookshop. In addition to the translation by members of the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s pro-active organization, the foreign media have also disseminated The Enduring War. For example, on 24 September 1938, the Müller Review (hereinafter " the Le Monde " ) published a translation of The Enduring War (25) under the title "How China Can Win". (ii) Japanese translation of The Enduring War

To stimulate the anti-war mentality of Japanese soldiers and to enlist the sympathy and support of the Japanese people, The Enduring War was also translated into Japanese. In October 1938, the Chinese International News Agency, launched by progressive cultural figures such as Fan Yangjiang and Hu Hao, published a Japanese version of The Enduring War in Shanghai, further promoting the anti-war activities of Chinese in China (26). Moreover, in order to obtain Chinese anti-Japanese battlefield intelligence, to spy on the Chinese Communist Party's strategy of resistance and to predict the future of the war, the Japanese authorities have also paid great attention to Mao's statements and writings. The publication of The Enduring War has attracted much attention in the Japanese media, government and military. The first to translate The Enduring War was the Japanese magazine Alteration. In September 1938, the Japanese magazine Alteration published The Enduring War (27), which was translated by Taneda. In November of the same year, the magazine Yang Ziang published a translation of the article entitled “Our Long-Term Anti-Japanese Law”. In the same month, The Reading and Selling News published a comment by Fujii's husband on the features and future of the new phase of the fight against Japan and translated and commented on The Enduring War in the section entitled “The Long-Term Struggle of Mao Zedong”. In January 1940, the editorial " Dealing with Change and Enduring War " (28) published in Tokyo-Japan News. In addition, a number of Japanese publishing houses have been publishing single books or books about The Enduring War. For example, in December 1938, the China-China Institute for Economic Research published the Japanese version of The Enduring War, the earliest single-text book ever seen (29). In June 1939, JAXA published The Chinese Communist Army's Current in Hideo-Dada, which in chapter IV, section III, “The enduring war in Mao's Zedong”, reproduced parts of the "A lasting war" and commented: “Mau Zedong's "A lasting war" is like a condemnation and encouragement of Chiang Kai-shek's will and a call to the nation to identify the advantages of a full-scale guerrilla war in the third phase of the resistance.” (30) With the beginning of the phase of rivalry, the Japanese military and political hierarchy has paid increased attention to The Enduring War. In January 1944, the Japanese Embassy's Intelligence Information Unit in Beijing published a full Japanese translation of The Enduring War, which, in its foreword, describes The Enduring War as “an important document for observing the CCP policy platform” (31). In July of the same year, the General Services Division of the General Affairs Bureau of the Greater East Asia Province of Japan intelligence agency published the Mao Zedong Anti-Japanese Speech Summaries, which included Theory of the Enduring War, as an internal reference, evaluating The Enduring War as “a work known by the Communist Party of China as `the genius of Mao Zedong'”, “a work whose value cannot be underestimated” and “a study of the movement of China on the United Front for National Resistance” (32). (iii) Translation into Russian and other languages of The Enduring War

After the outbreak of full-scale resistance, the Soviet Union became the main target of the Chinese Communist Party for international assistance. According to Mao, “the non-insolvency nature of the war in China is generally based not only on international aid as a whole, but also on Soviet aid” (33). The Russian translation of The Enduring War and its propaganda in the Soviet Union are important means of gaining Soviet support. Shortly after the publication of The Enduring War, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (CPC) sent a message to the Yangtze Bureau to publish it as soon as possible, while Wang Ming objected to the publication on the grounds that the article was too long and to its publication in the Communist International. Against this background, the dissemination of Theory of Enduring War in the Soviet Union has been hampered. This impasse was broken by the then-CCP International Representative. During his mission to the international community, he actively promoted the situation of the Chinese resistance, the policy of the Chinese Communist Party against Japan and the Mao Zedong idea by submitting reports, writing articles and translating books. In September 1938, in the name of Chen Lin, he published in the newspaper The Truth, the central organ of the Communist Party, the significance of the Chinese slogan for a lasting war, promoting Mao's long-term strategy of war, stating that “on the basis of a long-lasting war, this is the only correct strategy for armed resistance day in China” (34). At the same time, he organized a translation of the book. According to Tetsu, “in order to increase the knowledge of the people and peoples of the Soviet Union about China, the Chinese Revolution, the Communist Party of China, the resistance of China and the Communist Party of China, and the current policies of the Communist Party of China, he not only wrote his own articles, but also directed other comrades to write them, which, after his finalization, was published in newspapers such as the newspaper The Truth, Bolshevik, Communist International, etc.; he also organized the translation of important domestic articles, such as Mao's Strategic Issues of the Fight against Japan Guerrilla War, The New Democratism, etc., into Russian and other words to make people new to China” (35). In addition to the English, Japanese and Russian languages, The Enduring War was translated into other languages. The third section of the Department of Political Affairs of the National Government Military Commission published the book in the Chinese News (36) with a world-language translation. Major General (Viet Nam) of the People ' s Liberation Army of China translated Mao ' s book " The Enduring War " and " The Chinese Revolution and Communist Party " into Vietnamese before the August revolution in Viet Nam in 1945 (37). III. THE INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY OF THE COMMODITY

In an effort to expand the extraterritorial effects of The Enduring War, the Communist Party of China has actively promoted The Enduring War to the world through the organization of external media outlets, international human communication among friends and mass media. (i) Organization of communication: party-dependent external advocacy bodies

During the period of total resistance, the Communist Party of China was acutely aware of the need to strengthen the organization of external propaganda and had begun to create an external advocacy body. In April 1938, the Central Yangtze Bureau of the CCP created the party's first external advocacy body, the International Advocacy Committee and its international advocacy unit. The Committee is composed of Zhou Eunlai, Wang Myung, Bogu, Kefeng, U Kzen and Wang Bingnan, and is staffed by Wang Anna, Xu Men Hung and Bishop. These members are fluent in English, Russian and German, and one of the main tasks is to translate and publish the work of the leaders of the CPC (38). According to Wang Bingnan, the first task of the International Advocacy Group since its establishment was to translate Mao ' s " Strategic Issues in the Fight against the Sun Guerrilla War " and " The Enduring War " (39). Hsu Meng Hsiung's English translation of The Enduring War is the result of the work of the International Advocacy Group. In addition to the translation of leaders ' writings, dealing with foreign official agencies or international friends and outreach is another important task. The International Communications Group has not only established cooperation with national news services in China, providing them with information materials, but also maintains regular contacts with foreign agents in China, such as Carl, Stever and Davis, and actively invites foreign journalists to attend press conferences organized by the CPC. These efforts laid the foundation for the external dissemination of The Enduring War. After the fall of Wuhan, the national government was re-elected and international figures and organizations gathered to celebrate the event, and the Chinese Communist Party's foreign propaganda positions were transferred here. In January 1939, the Central South Bureau of CCP was officially established in Chongqing. In April of the same year, the South Bureau established the External Advocacy Group (renamed “Foreign Affairs Group” after December 1940), chaired by Zhou Eun, and headed by Wang Bingnan, with one of its main responsibilities being to promote Mao Zedong's ideas and writings. The South Bureau Foreign Affairs Unit has made extensive friends and has established extensive contacts with the embassies of the United Kingdom, France, the United States and the United States of America and with CARE. It has also sent members to the United States Information Service, which is chaired by Fahrenhei, in order to gain a better understanding of the international situation and expand the international influence of the Communist Party (40). The above measures have provided an important contribution to the Enduring War overcoming the NCP press blockade. Xinhua is also an important source of information for the Chinese Communist Party. In January 1937, the Red China News Agency was renamed the Xinhua News Agency, known as Xinhua News Agency, to broadcast news both at home and abroad. In June 1938, Xinhua broadcast Mao's Enduring War (41). The Enduring War is moving to the world through Xinhua. Hujomu later recalled: “At that time, the decisions and instructions of the central party, Chairman Mao, the Triumph Tribune of Victory against the Japanese battlefield, many of which were published in the form of editorials, reviews and news of the Liberation Daily, according to the local regime, the economy and so on, were released in a timely manner to the border areas, liberated areas, the country and the world. For example, during this period, President Mao's major works, The Enduring War, The New Democratism, The Method of Reconstruction of the Party, Speech at the Yenyan Renaissance Colloquium, The United Government, etc., were disseminated both at home and abroad by Xinhua.” (42)

In addition to specialized outreach agencies, other organizations with outreach functions have carried out the international dissemination of The Enduring War. As Liao, the head of the 8th Road Force's office in Hong Kong, has read in the magazine Emancipation, The Enduring War, lamenting its “advancedness” as “an eloquent and powerful weapon to guide overseas Chinese in overcoming pessimism and building confidence in victory, to be read by Hong Kong and overseas Chinese!” (43) It is against this background that the English translation of The Enduring War, translated by Mr. Epstein and others, referred to above, was published in Hong Kong and distributed abroad in liaison with the organization of the G8 Hong Kong office. (ii) Interpersonal communication: building on international friendship

In promoting the international dissemination of The Enduring War, the Communist Party of China has focused on the role of international friends. Most of our friends at the international level take an objective position and are able to reduce the defensive spirit of their audiences in cross-cultural communication, enhancing the credibility and persuasiveness of the international propaganda of the Communist Party. The Chinese Communist Party has actively invited foreign journalists, military personnel, experts and others to visit Yanan and Japan, and nearly a hundred international friends such as Snow, Stampley, Hordo Hansen, James Bertrand, UWU representative Ko Lok-Man and Dr. Baek-won of Canada have visited Japan since then. The Communist Party of China attaches great importance to visits by international friends, and leaders such as Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Liu Zhouqi have actively contacted international friends and arranged meetings on several occasions. When the United States journalist Anna Louis Strand visited Yanan, Liu was briefed on The Enduring War. Strand later recalled: "Lao Shaoqi told me that "Mao Zedong has studied the theory of using Marxism under Chinese conditions, turning Marxism into a weapon for 450,000 people. Mao Zedong's book The Enduring War rightly points to the path of resistance of the Chinese people against the Japanese aggressor, while the book New Democratism published in 1940 provides a precise analysis of the path to the development of the democratic revolution under the current conditions. These theories define the form of State organization in the democratic areas of China. The Chinese Communist Party has also disseminated The Enduring War to its international friends. In order to further expand the publicity, prior to the departure of the North-West Visitor Mission from Yanan, the Border District Government also printed the reports of the heads of departments in written form, “a copy of which was sent to the press corps together with Chairman Mao's book, The Enduring War” (45). In addition, staff members who receive international friends are actively promoting The Enduring War. On the occasion of his visit to Yanan, his translator explained the book to his translator (46). On the occasion of its visit to Japan, the U.S. Military Observer Group visited Zhang Jin, Deputy Minister of Industry of the Military Region, and stated to the Observer Group that “under the guidance of Mao Zedong on the issue of the strategy of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war, Japan has built strong confidence in China's victory and Japan's defeat, and suggested that the Observer Group should read both articles”. (47) The Communist Party of China has actively promoted the international dissemination of books, such as The Enduring War, by drawing on the strength of its international friends, thus deepening the positive impression of the Chinese Communist Party. (iii) Mass communication: making use of international media voices

The Communist Party of China has also focused its efforts on the role of the international media in the dissemination of The Enduring War. Following the publication of The Enduring War, a wide range of media outlets, both in China and abroad, foreign newspapers in China and overseas, have translated the Enduring War. For example, on 24 September 1938, the newspaper, under the title “How China Can Win” (China wins), focused on “Shortsightenedness of Many” (majority short-sightedness), “Source of Warng Conclusions” (source of misperceptions), “Processive Era Here” (phase of historical progress), “Why the Final Victory” (ground for final victory), “Struggles” Go.The six topics of od Teachers (the educational significance of war practice), “What Must be Done” (the implementation of the strategy for a protracted war) are concentrated on the core of The Enduring War (48). In addition, the translation of the section was accompanied by photographs such as the march of Mao Zedong, Shanxi guerrillas and the Guangzhou Mass Conference to raise funds for guerrilla warfare in Hebei and Shandong, which visualized the state of the Communist Party of China, the army, etc., and enhanced the overseas dissemination of The Enduring War. For example, on 31 October 1938, Singapore's South China Journal of Commerce published Rudd's book " Criticism and Introduction: A Prolonged War " , detailing The Enduring War. According to the article, “This great book is the best and most correct summary of the year's experience in the fight against war” and “until now, we have not found anything richer than this one. Mr. Mao has used weapons of material proof to expose the errors of the theory of the dead and the quick-winner theory, pointing to a remarkable clarity in China's history and the ease with which readers are impressed” (49). Moreover, as an influential progressive newspaper in the United States of America, the daily American Chinese newspaper, published in New York, “Has published Mao's Enduring War” (50) on a daily basis, has had a positive impact among the Chinese Americans. IV. THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMODITY

The overseas dissemination of The Enduring War has not only increased the international recognition of the writing itself, expanded the international influence of Mao's ideas and shaped the image of the Chinese Communist Party as a good fighter, but has also contributed to the establishment and consolidation of an international united battle against the Day, which has had an important impact on the development of the world's anti-fascist war situation. (i) Making The Enduring War “a work of worldwide interest”

Before the outbreak of the full-scale resistance, Mao had told Snow, “a detailed and precise account of the ‘durable battle’ he was going to lead,” but Snow thought, “In these predictions of Mao, there is a dialectic of Marxism. All of his arguments are based on subjective assumptions” (51). It follows that even those who are as familiar with China as Snow remain somewhat sceptical about Mao's long-term war mentality. In order to answer the international community ' s misgivings about the Chinese Communist Party ' s resistance to the war, the Communist Party of China has made a systematic presentation on " The Enduring War " and has, through various channels, transmitted to the world the strategic idea of the Chinese Communist Party. As Mao's strategic judgement and scientific foresight were confirmed by the development of war, the international community was keenly interested in and commended for this work. In 1938, the inaugural magazine Young People published Theory of Enduring War, which introduced the main contents of the book and its international dissemination effects. The article reads: “The On Lasting War is a speech by Mr. Mao to commemorate the 17th anniversary of the establishment of the Communist Party of China on 1 July. This speech was reproduced in almost every newspaper around the world. Thus, this piece, which is of worldwide interest, is available. It has become a great book in modern history” (52). After reading The Enduring War, the then General Secretary of the International Executive Committee of the Communist Party, and also in charge of China's affairs, Timitrov gave high recognition to its theoretical analysis and commented in the International Journal of the Communist Party: “No one has ever said so thoroughly about military issues and war, and The Enduring War is a landmark writing.” (53) After an in-depth review of the book, the American journalist Strand also considered that “the first book that attracted the attention of Mau outside the party was an analysis of China's anti-Japanese war, The Enduring War, published in 1988. This is the most important book of its kind published during the Chinese War” (54). Strand also linked " The Enduring War " to " The United Government " of the New Democrats, commending the three books as “a classic, widely-published, communist, clear and unequivocal platform of patriotism for the independence and prosperity of China” (55). (ii) Increased international influence of Mao Zedong thinking

Prior to the publication of The Enduring War, rumours of stigmatization of Mao Zedong were visible overseas. James Bertrand described it as follows: “A number of foreign writers, based on rumours, have irresponsibly described the leader of the most famous Communist Party of China as a mind-crazed idealist, a fanatical patient with `no cure' and so forth.” (56) With the expansion of the extraterritorial reach and scope, The Enduring War has become a world-renowned military writing, and the Maoist military ideology has aroused worldwide enthusiasm. In September 1938, the Japanese socialist revolutionist Hao read the book The Enduring War, published in the Revitalist magazine, and commented: “There is no doubt that no paper in Japan can provide such a clear and thorough vision of the future of war as The Enduring War”. (57) Epstein, an international friend who assisted in the translation of The Enduring War, agreed that “the Chinese Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong, based on extensive practical experience, has elaborated a long-lasting theory of people's war against an initially stronger aggressor”. (58) In a book entitled “Theoreticals of Mao Zedong are well known and a set of his ideas are deeply rooted in China's history and military experience”, Stampley states, “Many of his books and pamphlets have brought him into the ranks of great revolutionary writers. His radiant writings such as The Enduring War and New Democratism have become landmarks in Chinese revolutionary thinking” (59). In addition, the anti-war analysis approach in The Enduring War has been applied flexibly by foreign actors to the analysis of national problems. As Japan's progressive writer Deerland pointed out in his presentation at the Nationalist Political Department's third theatre training session: “There are also several conditions for the victory of the Japanese people. First, to fully grasp the nature of the Japanese revolution. Secondly, the conditions for the revolution are properly evaluated. What is the nature of the revolution? Mr. Mao's recent and urgent instruction in The Enduring War — the current Japanese revolution is the people's revolution.” (60)

The Theory of Enduring War is also a philosophical work that vividly reflects the skilful application and exercise of Marxist philosophical views, such as Mao Zedong’s opposing unity laws, patterns of quality variation, subjective dynamics, and the fact that the people are the creators of history. The international community is also concerned about the philosophy inherent in The Enduring War. “Mau Zedong is a genius philosopher and Mao's philosophy is remarkable. For example, eight years of anti-Japanese war, 10 months after he had fought, he had written a book entitled " The Enduring War " , which was essentially a summary of war. It's amazing." (61)

iii) Shaping the Communist Party of China's good resistance

In the period of total resistance, the Nationalist Party ' s obstinate elements vigorously stigmatized and discredited the Communist Party of China in public opinion propaganda. The international message of The Enduring War has broken the Nationalist Party's “he made” wall, led the peoples of the world to the truth about China's resistance and restored the image of the Communist Party of China. On 4 September 1938, The New York Times published Japan's Mass Attack in China, fully confirming the position and role of the Eight Road Forces in the war against Japan. At the beginning of the article, it was stated that “in North China, the former Red Army (now the Eighth Road Army of China) is attacking the Japanese army”, that the Eighth Road Army is “the only Chinese patriot who is willing and able to fight the Japanese aggressor”, and that in section I of the article, “As Communists See It” (the view of the Communists), the Chinese Communist Party predicted that the war in China and Japan would be divided into two distinct phases: first, Japan would advance to the mainland of China, and, secondly, China would launch a massive counter-attack that would eventually expel the Japanese Empire from Asia. The article also describes, on several occasions, the performance of the Chinese guerrillas in the war against Japan, emphasizing their active role in the rear. As pointed out in the section “Big Guerrilla Forces” (a powerful guerrilla group): “In the Japanese rear of the North China, Chinese guerrilla forces are engaged in an intense war with Japanese troops and Chinese who are trying to compromise with them. The guerrilla forces, with the exception of the 8th Street Army West, totaled 500,000, accompanied by reinforcements from hungry rural China and supplies collected from the Japanese supply train and the Japanese military presence.” (62) The above positive assessment of the guerrilla war led by Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China (CPM) was largely the result of the effects of The Enduring War. In his report to the United States Government on the Communist Party of China (CPC), the then American diplomat in China, Xi Weiss, wrote: “The Communist Party is not only the leader in the formation of these governments, but also the only group prepared for a complete and well-considered programme. They were prepared for a long-term war and decided to use guerrilla tactics to fight behind enemy lines. This is when Mao's famous book, The Enduring War, was published.” (63) During his visit to Janan, the United States journalist, Hordo Hansen, paid attention to The Enduring War, to which Mao provided detailed information. Upon his return, Hansen actively covered The Enduring War, becoming “the first Western journalist to report the main points of view of The Enduring War to the world” (64). The investigative reports and press reports written by these foreign sources objectively reflect the real situation of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC)-led opposition, countering the rumours spread by the obstinate National Party (NP) faction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) about the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) resistance, creating a good anti-war image of the CCP and expanding its international influence. (iv) The conceptual basis for the establishment and consolidation of a united international anti-day front

One of the conditions for China to win the victory, as the Mao Zedong stated in the conclusions of The Enduring War, is “the completion of the united international anti-Japanese front” (65). In the early stages of the comprehensive response, countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States adopted a policy of cross-shore viewing of China. With the widespread dissemination of The Enduring War, the world ' s understanding of China ' s resistance has deepened, increasing its sympathy and support for the Communist Party of China. After reading The Enduring War, Stew identified it as an “excellent military textbook” and recommended that the United States Government expedite its assistance to China by “providing a limited amount of weapons and equipment to the Chinese Communist Army” and that “the high morale of the Chinese Communist Party army, together with good weapons and equipment, will accelerate the coming of victory” (66). After listening to the main points of Nee Yong-hoon's presentation of The Enduring War, he lamented: "Well, the guerrilla war is good! I've seen it with my own eyes. The Chinese people are using the strategic tactics proposed by Chairman Mao, and the war against Japan must end with the victory of the Chinese people.” (67) This has reinforced China ' s belief in the victory of the war and its commitment to medical assistance. Moreover, Theory of Enduring War has had a significant impact on the development of Japan ' s anti-war forces, and many Japanese soldiers have embarked on the path of counter-war after reading the book. After studying Theory of Enduring War, they “considered Mao's analysis to be excellent and some of his visions confirmed. As a result, they lost confidence in Japan's victory and were confident in China's eventual victory” (68). Notes:

One of the more representative results is Sun Do-feng, the pillar of protection: Mao's Enduring War Japan's Translation and Impact in Wartime, Study of the Japanese War, No. 3 of 2021; Yongjie, Yue Wing: The far-reaching implications of Mao Zedong's idea in the French-speaking world — widely disseminated in the French version of The Enduring War, Theory Study of Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping No. 4 of 2024; Rothian, Murray, “Overseas translation and dissemination of our Red Military Thoughts — with the example of guerrilla warfare and protracted warfare”, Study of Contemporary Foreign Languages, No. 4 of 2021; etc. 2 [United States of America] Whiteshud: Exploring History: China’s War Against Japan by Whiteshud, Life Book Bookshop, 1987 edition, p. 19. 3 [United States] Kenneth Humecker, American and Chinese Communist Party, 1989 edition of Jilinvin History Press, p. 25. 4 Selected highlights since the establishment of the Party (1921-1949), vol. 15, Central Documentation Press 2011, p. 10. 5 Selected highlights since the establishment of the Party (1921-1949), vol. 15, 2011 edition of the Central Documents Press, p. 180. 6 Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 466. 7 Mao Zedong, vol. 1, People's Press, 1993, p. 401. 8 Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 378. 9 Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 99. 10 Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press, 1993, pp. 131, 133. (11) Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 145. (12) Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 347. (13) Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 109. (14) Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 454. (15) Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 146. (16) Mao Zedong Year Book 1, Central Documents Press 2023, p. 557. (17) Mao Zedong Jubilee, vol. 1, 2023, Central Documentation Press, p. 659. (18) Mao Zedong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 90. (19) Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 473. (20) Red: The original English translation of The Enduring War, Century No. 1 of 1996. (21) Mauzawadong, vol. 2, People's Press 1993, p. 145. (22) Mao Zedong: The Enduring War (continued), Monograph, No. 41 of 1938. (23) Prophet, Kim and Editor-in-Chief, Mau Zedong, 2nd ed., Central Documents Press 2011, p. 499. (24) Wang Joon-hyan: Liao's Legacy, People's Press 2006, p. 110. (25) Mao Tse-Tung, "How China Can Win", "Millard's Review, Sep.24, 1938. (26) Ho Star, Jiang Blue: Translation, Publication and Distribution of the Japanese Edition of Mao's Books, Research on the History of the Communist Party of China, No. 10 of 2019. (27) Sun Do Feng, Dry Pillar: “Mao Zedong's translation into Japan during the war and its effects”, Anti-Japanese War Study, No. 3, 2021. (28) Sun Dophoon, Dry Pillar: " The Mao Zedong ' s translation and impact in Japan during the war " , Anti-Japanese War Study, No. 3, 2021. (29) Rothian, Murray: A study tour for the translation and dissemination of our red military ideas abroad — using guerrilla warfare and protracted warfare as an example, Study of Contemporary Foreign Languages, No. 4, 2021. (30) See Dong Xian Ji-ji: The Communist Party of China and the War against Japan in Japan, Foreign Studies, No. 3 of 2021. (31) Sun Dophoon, Dry Pillar: " The Mao Zedong ' s Escalation and Impact in Japan during the War " , Anti-Japanese War Study, No. 3, 2021. (32) See Peng Cheng: Image of Mao Zedong in the Japanese collection (1928-1945), CCP History Study, No. 2, 2018. (33) Mao Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 456. (34) The Episode of Time (1904-1950), Central Documentation Press 2014, p. 374. (35) Psychiatry, Tsai Lang, My Life — Psychiatry, People's Press 2001, p. 101. (36) Editor-in-Chief Liu Jinda: China's War against Japan, Shanghai People's Press 2016 edition, p. 123. (37) von Joon-lone: " Friends from Faraway - Foreign Party Members of the Communist Party of China " , Join the Ark, No. 4, 2021. (38) Zhou Nun Eyen (up to 1898-1949), 2007 edition, p. 420. (39) Wang Bingnan: Foreign Affairs Activities of the Communist Party of China in Wuhan in the early days of the Day, Vulhann History Series 3, 1995. (40) Seo-yeon: High Mountain View: Zhou Eun-Chou's New Explorer, 2024, Nancai University Press, p. 379. (41) Mr. Oh Tin Joon, Editor-in-Chief, The History of China's News Career, Wuhan University Press, 2009, p. 342. (42) Huchomu: Jojomu Recall Mao Zedong (updated version), People's Press 2003, p. 454. (43) Wang Joon-hyan: Liao's Legacy, People's Press 2006, p. 110. (44) [United States] A. Strand: Mao Zedong, The Northeast Daily, 13 December 1947. (45) Editor of the Documentation and Research Committee of the Zhongqing City Commission of Sichuan Province of the People's Political Consultative Conference of China: Chongqing Fighting the War, Revue, Chongqing Press, 1991, p. 213. (46) White Horn in China, People's Press, 1977, p. 73. (47) Sheijin: In 1944, the U.S. Military Observer Group was on notice, Archives Memory No. 11 of 2024. (48) Mao Tse-Tung, "How China Can Win", Millard's Review, Sep.24, 1938. (49) The Rudd: The Enduring War, The South China Journal, 31 October 1938. (50) Vol. 4 “Thirty Family” History of the Chinese Overseas Chinese Community in Jiangmen City, People's Press 2017, p. 2412. (51) Editor-in-Chief Yoon Yuen: The Free Zone of Yanan in the Eyes of Foreign Journalists in China, Chinese University of Pedagogical Education Press, 1995, p. 10. (52) Patti: After the Enduring War, Young People, 9 October 1938, p. 22. (53) Zhao Yunli, Mao Zedong Jianlith (up), People's Press 2003, p. 505. (54) Strands, vol. 3, 1988 edition of Xinhua Press, p. 262. (55) Strands, vol. 3, 1988 edition, pp. 263-264. (56) [E] James Bertrand: Invincible People - China’s Resistance to War in the eyes of a foreigner, Fact Sheet Press 1988, p. 103. (57) The Right to Winter Yeung, Mao Zedong, the flag of resistance to war, Jiangsu People's Press 2023, p. 391. (58) [American] Israel Epstein: China's Unfinished Revolution, Xinhua Press 1987, p. 101. (59) Schmotlevin (I) — Chinese War Song, Xinhua Press 1985, pp. 158, 159. (60) [Japan] Deerland: The Meaning of the Japanese People's Movement Against War — Speech at the Department's Third Hall Theatre Training Course, Xinhua Daily, 3 September 1938. (61) [U.S.] Li Tongbai Oral Statement, by Seo Soo Ri, " I am an American in China: Li Tongbai Oral History " , Kyushu Press 2014, p. 298. (62) Kurt Bloch, "Japanese Drives Bog Down in China", The New York Times, Sep.4, 1938. (63) [United States] John Stewart Schweiss: American Policy on China (1944-1945), China Social Science Press 1989, pp. 201-202. (64) Oh Yoon Ming: Halldo Hansen: Recording Chinese War Responsive American Journalist in camera, The Learning Times, 16 September 2022. (65) Mau Zedong Selected, vol. 2, People's Press 1991, p. 513. (66) Zhou Zhou, Yuraying: After Mao's Enduring War, Hunan Archives, No. 3, 2001. (67) The White Horn in China, People's Press, 1977, p. 98. (68) Trijay: Re-examining the work of the Japanese prisoners of the Communist Party of China during the War, Research and Teaching of Party History, No. 4 of 2022.